Biology

Which of the following is part of the innate immune response?
A. Antibodies
B. Phagocytes
C. Stomach acid
D. B lymphocytes

How does the cochlear implant assist people with severe hearing loss?
A. It amplifies sound.
B. It stimulates the ear drum.
C. It stimulates the auditory nerve.
D. It amplifies vibrations in the cochlea.

Two types of bacteria were isolated from a patient’s throat swab and grown in pure culture on separate agar plates. On each plate there were FOUR different antibiotic discs, W, X, Y and Z . The photograph shows the plates seven days later.

Which antibiotic should be used to treat the patient?A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z

A group of four students set out to determine the animal species diversity over an area of one hectare in each of five different habitats. Each student graphed their data as shown.
Which of the graphs produced is the most suitable to represent animal species diversity in the different habitats?

Which of the following is an advantage for animals using internal fertilisation rather than external fertilisation?
A. It prevents dehydration of gametes.
B. It involves large numbers of gametes.
C. It relies on adaptations such as mating rituals.
D. It allows gametes to combine to form unique offspring.

A group of islands are separated from each other by large stretches of water. Each island has its own policy on quarantine. A nearby country is experiencing an outbreak of an infectious disease in its cattle. An investigation is to be designed to find which of the quarantine policies operating on the islands is the most effective. Which of the following would be a suitable design feature of the investigation?
A. The control is the smallest island.
B. The control is the number of infected cattle.
C. The independent variable is quarantine policy.
D. The independent variable is the number of infected cattle.

Which of the following is always true of a mutation that produces a dominant allele?
A. It will be lethal in a population.
B. It will be expressed in heterozygous individuals.
C. It will only be expressed in homozygous individuals.
D. It will spread more quickly through the population than a recessive allele.

The glucose tolerance test is used to investigate the control of glucose in the human body. Patients consume 75 g of glucose and their blood glucose is monitored.
Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the cells of the body do not respond adequately to insulin.
Which graph could represent the results of glucose tolerance tests in a non-diabetic person and a person with untreated Type 2 diabetes?

Genetic drift is a gradual change in
A. the alleles of an individual due to mutation.
B. allele frequency in a population due to chance.
C. the genes of a population due to natural selection.
D. gene frequency in a population due to natural selection.

The following DNA base sequence is used to code for a sequence of four amino acids.
CGC ATC ATG CTA
Which of the following correctly represents the anticodons on the transfer RNA during synthesis of this string of amino acids?
A. GCG UAG UAC GAU
B. CGC AUC AUG CUA
C. CGC ATC ATG CTA
D. GCG TAG TAC GAT

A germ-line mutation is known to have occurred. How is it possible that there has been no noticeable change in the phenotype of the offspring?
A. The mutation occurred in a stretch of RNA.
B. The mutation occurred in a protein-coding region.
C. The mutation occurred in a stretch of non-coding DNA.
D. The mutation did not affect the DNA sequence of any gametes.

The diagram shows the concentration of an antibody to a particular pathogen. Primary Secondary 2000 exposure to exposure to Concentration of antibody pathogen same pathogen (mg L–1) 1000 0 Time © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2019. This product is released under the CC Attribution 4.0 licence. Two students are exposed to the pathogen. Student X had previously been vaccinated against this pathogen. Student Y had never been exposed to it. Which row of the table shows the most likely levels of antibody in the blood of each student a week after exposure to the pathogen on this occasion?
Concentration of antibody in the blood ($\mathrm{mg\,L^{-1}}$)

The pedigree shows the inheritance of a genetic disorder.
Which row of the table correctly identifies the two possible types of inheritance for this disorder?

The diagram shows the effect of the hormone oxytocin on the uterus during the birth of a mammal.

Which of the following best identifies and explains the feedback loop demonstrated in the diagram?

Complete the table to show the differences between somatic and germ-line mutations.

Explain how educational programs can be effective in reducing the incidence of non-infectious diseases. Support your answer with examples.

Explain the loss of biodiversity that may result from TWO biotechnologies used in agriculture.

A human karyotype that shows evidence of chromosomal mutation is shown.

Explain how cell division and fertilisation could lead to the production of this karyotype.

A human karyotype that shows evidence of chromosomal mutation is shown.

Identify the evidence of chromosomal mutation in the karyotype.

The map shows the percentage of adult indigenous populations able to digest lactose.
The ability to digest lactose is due to the presence of an enzyme (lactase) which can metabolise the sugar (lactose) present in milk. The gene responsible for producing lactase is usually permanently switched off at some time between the ages of 2 and 5 years. However, some people remain able to digest lactose throughout their lives.
With reference to evolution and DNA, provide possible reasons for the distribution shown in the map.

Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can reproduce by budding.
What type of reproduction is budding?

Yeast is a single-celled fungus that can reproduce by budding.
Outline a procedure that could be used to test the effect of temperature on reproduction in yeast.

Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation of a gene on chromosome 4. It causes nerve cells to break down.
Stargardt disease is an autosomal recessive condition caused by a mutation of a different gene on chromosome 4. It causes damage to the retina.
A patient is heterozygous for both Huntington’s (Hh) and Stargardt disease (Rr). His father’s extended family has numerous cases of both of these diseases. His mother does not have either disease and is homozygous for both genes.
The diagram shows the patient’s homologous pair of chromosome 4 at various stages of meiosis.
Add the relevant alleles to the diagram to model the production of possible gamete combinations. Include a key and an example of crossing over.