Biology

Explain why a secondary immune response is usually faster than a primary immune response.

Assess how a coordinated public health response can limit the impact of an emerging infectious disease.

Which of the following are non-cellular pathogens?
A. Bacteria
B. Fungi
C. Prions
D. Protozoa

Resin produced by spinifex grass has long been used by Aboriginal Peoples. Spinifex resin is currently used to produce medicinal creams. What is this an example of?
A. Biotechnology
B. Selective breeding
C. Artificial insemination
D. Genetically modified organisms

The image shows a chromosome that has undergone mutation. Each letter represents a gene.
What type of mutation has occurred?
A. Deletion
B. Duplication
C. Inversion
D. Substitution

Which row of the table correctly identifies components of DNA?

The diagram shows a cell reproducing.
Which row of the table correctly identifies the method of reproduction and the type of organism shown in the diagram?

How do stomata maintain water balance in plants?
A. They close in hot weather to decrease transpiration.
B. They open in cold weather to decrease transpiration.
C. They open in hot weather to decrease evaporative cooling.
D. They close in cold weather to decrease evaporative cooling.

Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei) are protozoans that cause African sleeping sickness in humans. The diagram shows the way that the disease is transmitted to humans.
Which row of the table identifies the pathogen, vector and method of disease transmission to humans?

The diagram shows a section of a chromosome in an insect. It represents three genes amongst non-coding DNA. The crosses mark locations of four separate mutations.
Which location could produce a new allele for eye colour?
A. P
B. Q
C. R
D. S

Francesco Redi challenged the idea that maggots arose spontaneously from rotting meat. A modern version of his experiment was set up as shown.
Which of the following is correct for this experimental set up?
A. The sealed jar improves the validity of the experiment.
B. The independent variable is whether the meat spoils or not.
C. The use of three jars improves the reliability of the experiment.
D. The dependent variable is the use of different covers for the jars.

The data shows the proportion of adults living in Australia who are obese.
Which of the following can be observed from the data?
A. The proportion of obese adults always increases with age.
B. There is a greater percentage of men who are obese than women in all age groups.
C. The proportion of women who are obese increases from 13% at 18–24 to 38% at 65–74.
D. The proportion of men who are obese increases from 18% at 18–24 to 35% at 45–54, then decreases to 23% at age 85 and over.

Robert Koch produced a set of criteria to establish whether a particular organism is the cause of a disease in an animal. The criteria are listed below but not in the correct order.

1. The microorganism must cause disease when introduced to a healthy experimental animal.
2. The microorganism must be extracted and isolated from the diseased animal and subsequently grown in culture.
3. The microorganism must be extracted from the diseased experimental animal and demonstrated to be the same microorganism that was isolated from the first diseased animal.
4. The microorganism must be found in the diseased animal, and not found in healthy animals.
   Which of the following correctly shows the order of steps required to determine the cause of a particular disease in an animal?
   A. 2, 3, 1, 4
   B. 2, 4, 1, 3
   C. 4, 2, 1, 3
   D. 4, 3, 2, 1

Which of the following identifies plant responses to pathogens?
A. Increased phagocytosis and programmed cell death
B. Increased number of stomata and programmed cell death
C. Production of antihistamines and increased thickness of cell walls
D. Production of antimicrobial substances and increased thickness of cell walls

The graph shows the quantity of DNA in one mammalian cell over time.
Which of the statements about the cell’s activity is correct?
A. The cell is dividing during section O.
B. The cell is inactive for the first two hours.
C. The cell takes one hour to replicate its DNA.
D. The cell becomes diploid only during section N.

The graph shows the number of cases of Swine Flu (a viral respiratory illness) from May to July 2009 in Australia.
What effective control measures could have been introduced between May and July to limit the spread of the disease in Australia?

Over 12 months, the prevalence of a non-infectious disease will increase in a population if
A. the total population increases.
B. disease recovery time decreases.
C. the incidence rate of the disease decreases.
D. the survival time of individuals with the disease increases.

Analyse the following four pedigrees.
KEY Unaffected female Unaffected male 1 2 Affected female Affected male 3 4 © Epomedicine.com
Which row in the table correctly identifies the pedigree with the type of inheritance?

A diagram of the different parts of a flower is shown.

Identify the structures where pollen and ovules are located.
Pollen ................................................
Ovules ...............................................

A student designed and conducted a practical investigation to test for the presence of microbes in water and food samples.
Explain how the student could ensure the reliability of the investigation.

A student designed and conducted a practical investigation to test for the presence of microbes in water and food samples.
Justify a safety precaution required to prevent infection when conducting the investigation.

Outline how ONE type of electromagnetic radiation can cause a germline mutation.
Name of electromagnetic radiation: .................................