Biology

One-Eyed Jack was a rescue dog that had been injured and lost an eye before his owner adopted him. One-Eyed Jack was cloned and the clone was born with two eyes.
Explain why the cloned dog was born with two eyes.

Describe a plant disease and its effect on agricultural production.
Name of plant disease: ..............................

Milk pasteurisation (heating to approximately 70°C) was gradually introduced in America from the early 1900s. The graph shows the number of disease outbreaks in relation to raw (unpasteurised) and pasteurised milk in America from 1900−1975.
Explain the trends observed in the graph. In your response, refer to the role of Pasteur’s work in pasteurisation.

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body. A person with cystic fibrosis will have two faulty recessive alleles for the cystic fibrosis gene (CFTR) on chromosome 7.
Explain how the deletion of nucleotides in the CFTR gene removes only one amino acid. Include reference to the nucleotides that code for isoleucine and phenylalanine amino acids.

An epidemiological study was conducted to help model how many people will be affected by Type 2 diabetes globally in the future. Continuous data were collected from 1990 to 2020. From that data, the following data points were chosen to demonstrate the trend.

Plot the data on the grid provided and include the line of best fit.

The diagram shows a simplified version of the process of polypeptide synthesis.
Compare Process A with DNA replication.

The diagram shows a simplified version of the process of polypeptide synthesis.

Explain the importance of mRNA and tRNA in polypeptide synthesis.

A study monitored the changes in the body temperature of a kookaburra (an Australian bird) and a human over a 24-hour period. The results of the study are shown in the graph.

At what time was the kookaburra’s body temperature the lowest?

A study monitored the changes in the body temperature of a kookaburra (an Australian bird) and a human over a 24-hour period. The results of the study are shown in the graph.

Outline an adaptation that may lead to an increase in the kookaburra’s body temperature during the inactive period.

A study monitored the changes in the body temperature of a kookaburra (an Australian bird) and a human over a 24-hour period. The results of the study are shown in the graph.

Some endothermic organisms can display torpor (a significant decrease in physiological activity).
With reference to the graph, explain whether the human or the kookaburra was displaying torpor and if so, state the time this occurred.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that invades the gut lining and can cause damage to the stomach as shown in the diagram.

With reference to innate and adaptive immunity, explain how the body responds after exposure to Helicobacter pylori.

Female Jack Jumper ants (Myrmecia pilosula) have a single pair of chromosomes. During meiosis, crossing over occurs. The diagram shows the crossing over and the position of three genes on the chromosomes.

Outline the significance of crossing over for the Jack Jumper ants.

Female Jack Jumper ants (Myrmecia pilosula) have a single pair of chromosomes. During meiosis, crossing over occurs. The diagram shows the crossing over and the position of three genes on the chromosomes.

Draw the chromosomes of the four possible gametes after crossing over for the Jack Jumper ants occurs. Include the alleles for each gene.

Discuss the ethical implications and impacts on society of the use of TWO biotechnologies.

Which of the following lists the five steps in the stimulus-response model in the correct order? (A) receptor, stimulus, coordinating centre, effector, response (B) receptor, stimulus, effector, coordinating centre, response (C) stimulus, receptor, coordinating centre, effector, response (D) stimulus, effector, coordinating centre, receptor, response

Viruses are
(A) unicellular.
(B) multicellular.
(C) smaller than bacteria.
(D) larger than protists.

The application of computers and statistics to manage and interpret large biological data sets is called
(A) bioinformatics.
(B) biochemistry.
(C) biotechnology.
(D) comparative genomics.

Which of the following is an example of the first line of defence?
(A) Production of antibodies
(B) Increase in blood flow to the infected area
(C) Tight junctions between epithelial cells
(D) The engulfing of pathogens by macrophages

Questions 5 - 7 refer to the information below about the British Doctors’ Study. The British Doctors’ Study was an epidemiological cohort study which started in 1951 and ran until 2001. It set out to establish whether, as strongly suspected, there was a link between smoking and health outcomes. It was the first study to prove the link between smoking and lung cancer and was hugely influential in informing government moves to reduce smoking. A very large number of male doctors were sent health surveys at regular intervals. These asked questions about any health issues they might have as well as about lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, diet and smoking habits. The simplified graph below illustrates one of their findings.

What percentage of smokers survived to age 70?
(A) 35%
(B) 45%
(C) 55%
(D) 65%

Questions 5 - 7 refer to the information below about the British Doctors’ Study. The British Doctors’ Study was an epidemiological cohort study which started in 1951 and ran until 2001. It set out to establish whether, as strongly suspected, there was a link between smoking and health outcomes. It was the first study to prove the link between smoking and lung cancer and was hugely influential in informing government moves to reduce smoking. A very large number of male doctors were sent health surveys at regular intervals. These asked questions about any health issues they might have as well as about lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, diet and smoking habits. The simplified graph below illustrates one of their findings.

Which one of the following statements about giving up smoking is best supported by this graph?
(A) If you give up smoking early enough, you have virtually the same life expectancy as a non-smoker.
(B) More people give up smoking before the age of 40 than do afterwards.
(C) It is smoking early in life which causes most of the damage to health.
(D) Giving up smoking gives you a better life expectancy than a smoker, but not as good as someone who has never smoked

Questions 5 - 7 refer to the information below about the British Doctors’ Study. The British Doctors’ Study was an epidemiological cohort study which started in 1951 and ran until 2001. It set out to establish whether, as strongly suspected, there was a link between smoking and health outcomes. It was the first study to prove the link between smoking and lung cancer and was hugely influential in informing government moves to reduce smoking. A very large number of male doctors were sent health surveys at regular intervals. These asked questions about any health issues they might have as well as about lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, diet and smoking habits. The simplified graph below illustrates one of their findings.

What was the independent variable in this study?
(A) age
(B) smoking habits
(C) gender
(D) cancer rate

Below is a diagram of a process during protein synthesis
Determine the DNA sequence that codes for the amino acid “Asp”.
(A) CTA
(B) CUA
(C) GAT
(D) GAU