Biology

Ovulation in women is associated with a rapid increase in luteinising hormone (LH). Test strips can be used to detect high levels of LH in urine. Once a test strip is used, a control line should appear and the presence of a test line indicates high levels of LH in urine. The image below represents four different results that were obtained.
Which of the results indicates a valid test which shows that ovulation is NOT occurring?
Justify your answer.

An incidence of an autosomal dominant trait is shown in the pedigree.
Is this trait likely to be the result of a somatic or a germ-line mutation? Justify your answer.

An incidence of an autosomal dominant trait is shown in the pedigree. KEY Unaffected female Unaffected male Male with trait The diagram shows the early stages of embryonic development from a fertilised egg. The developing ball of cells has split and monozygotic (identical) twins have formed. Mutations can occur at different times during embryonic development, for example Mutation A would result in both twins having the mutation in all their cells.
Explain the effects of Mutation B and Mutation C on each twin and on any offspring that they may have.

A patient visited an audiologist for a hearing test. The audiologist tested both ears at specific frequencies. The volumes at which each frequency could be heard are shown. It is discovered that there is a complete and permanent blockage of the outer ear, but the cochlea is still fully functional. Justify the use of a suitable technology to assist the patient’s hearing.