Q33 (c)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans. HPV viruses are classified into different serotypes based on the DNA sequences of their viral genomes. Each HPV type is identified by a specific number (e.g., HPV-16, HPV-18, etc.). HPV types can cause changes in the cells of the cervix, leading to the development of precancerous lesions. If these lesions are left untreated, they may progress to invasive cervical cancer. HPV binds to the surface of epithelial cells and gain entry via endocytosis. Once inside the cell it introduces its viral DNA into the cells nucleus. It uses the hosts cell’s machinery to produce a viral E6 protein. Schematic of HPV infection of a epithelial cell Adapted from Human Papillomavirus and Oropharynx Cancer: Biology, Detection and Clinical Implications Question 33 (continued) Marks 4

A vaccine has been developed to protect against infection with HPV. Describe how giving this vaccine leads to the production of antibodies against HPV.

The graph below shows the cumulative Incidence of Invasive Cervical Cancer According to HPV Vaccination Status